United Therapeutics

Recognized under Tier 9 — Extraterrestrial Healthcare, United Therapeutics is a biotechnology company whose organ-manufacturing division, working with 3D Systems, has produced a 3D-printed human lung scaffold using a proprietary "Print to Perfusion" process capable of resolving roughly 44 trillion voxels, laying out an estimated 4,000 kilometers of pulmonary capillaries and 200 million alveoli. The scaffold has demonstrated gas exchange in animal models, and the company has stated an intent to cellularize such scaffolds with a patient's own stem cells to produce transplantable lungs that would not require lifelong immunosuppression, alongside parallel programs for 3D-printed kidneys and livers; human clinical trials of cellularized lungs have been targeted within roughly five years of the company's most recent program updates. This work is ground-based rather than flown in orbit, but the underlying goal — growing replacement organs on demand rather than waiting on a donor list — addresses the same problem a Mars-bound crew would face without any transplant option at all, years from the nearest hospital.