Peregrine and Griffin NASA CLPS lunar landers
USA
TIER 01
Launch vehicles, spacecraft, propellant depots, landers.
COMPANIES
Peregrine and Griffin NASA CLPS lunar landers
USA
New Glenn rocket; Blue Moon NASA Artemis lunar lander
USA
Alpha/Beta rockets; Blue Ghost NASA CLPS lunar lander
USA
Orbital transfer vehicles; last-mile in-space logistics
USA
Nova-C lander; first US Moon landing since 1972 (2024)
USA
Cygnus cargo spacecraft; Antares rocket; space logistics
USA
Terran R; 3D-printed fully reusable medium-lift rocket
USA
Electron & Neutron rockets; Photon deep-space spacecraft bus
USA/NZ
Starship, Falcon 9, Dragon; primary Mars transport developer
USA
Vulcan Centaur heavy-lift; government and commercial launch
USA
RESEARCHERS
Arizona State University
Human Mars mission architecture; NASA 90-day study lead
JPL / Caltech
Planetary trajectory optimization and mission design
Rice University
VASIMR plasma propulsion for rapid Mars transit
Purdue University
Astrodynamics, interplanetary trajectory design
MIT
Human spaceflight systems, EVA, planetary exploration
Caltech / JPL
Ion propulsion; NASA Dawn and Deep Space 1 lead
Purdue University
Orbital mechanics, libration orbits, cislunar navigation
Cornell University
Spacecraft systems, CubeSats, propellantless propulsion
MIT
Electric/ion propulsion for deep-space missions
Pioneer Astronautics
Mars Direct architecture; in-situ propellant production
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